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before men traveled in space energy from

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the Sun was thought to be constant then

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scientific instruments rising above the

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atmosphere recorded great shafts of

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energy flashing out from the Sun like

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beams from a lighthouse energy affecting

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communications and perhaps the weather

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on earth small levels of pollution were

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considered unimportant until

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high-altitude research showed that a few

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parts per billion of freon could reduce

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in space we learned things which were

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obscured to us on earth but space

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research using one-shot Rockets has been

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expensive and somewhat inflexible as

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scientists set on earth while astronauts

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worked their apparatus

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[Music]

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now there is a reusable space shuttle

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capable of making repeated trips into

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space and there is a space laboratory

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which takes advantage of this economical

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transportation to and from orbit it is

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called space lab it fits in the shuttle

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payload Bay and converts the shuttle

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into a versatile Research Center

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[Music]

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trips into orbit can be frequent

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scientific objectives can change for

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each mission scientists not just career

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astronauts can ride the shuttle and work

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in the lab Space Lab is truly a new

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[Music]

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in the early 70s NASA began developing a

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in Europe Issa the European Space Agency

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was interested in collaborating what

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major contribution could Europe make

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many possibilities were considered

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ultimately Space Lab was selected this

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laboratory would be versatile it would

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be reusable it would meet the demands of

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the international scientific community

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exclusively to do research in the

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broadest range of disciplines it would

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have a pressurized room where the

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scientists themselves could work without

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cumbersome spacesuits it would have

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platforms where instruments would be

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exposed directly to the airless

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cloudless low gravity environment of

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space now a reality space lab is a

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European development involving European

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industry in space technology it was

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assembled in Bremen Germany from parts

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made in all participating Isa countries

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Brno is the prime contractor because the

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Space Lab fits in the shuttle NASA was

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also involved Marshall Space Flight

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Center led the development for NASA and

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managed development of an access tunnel

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and support hardware and software for

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the lab

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and because Space Lab is new Marshall

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designed a series of test instruments to

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monitor the space labs performance

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during the first two missions

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[Music]

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Space Lab is versatile it can be

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composed of any of several modular units

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which fit into the bay to meet the needs

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of a particular scientific mission there

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is the pressurized laboratory called a

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module containing instrument racks

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utilities computers work benches and

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controls for the conduct of research

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there also are outside platforms called

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palettes for experiments which need

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direct exposure to space this mix or

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match design makes the space lab able to

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accommodate a wide variety of scientific

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investigations at missions end the

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pressurized modules and the palettes are

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fully or partly stripped of one set of

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experiments and new ones are installed

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the laboratory module can hold more than

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five tonnes of experiment hardware more

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than nine tons can be carried in the

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palette only configurations as many as

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five scientists and science astronauts

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live in the Shuttle Orbiter along with a

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commander and pilot they passed through

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a tunnel to go to work in the laboratory

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module palette only missions are

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operated from inside the orbiter in

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every way possible Space Lab minimizes

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the amount of modifications needed to

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take ground laboratory experiment

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equipment into space the scientist or

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principal investigator can monitor his

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or her experiment from Earth voice data

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and video circuits will allow the

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investigator direct involvement during

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an experiment procedural changes based

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on observation can be passed up to the

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onboard science crew for execution in

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some cases changes can be made by the

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scientist from the grounds it's the next

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best thing to taking some 70 scientists

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into orbit mission one the maiden voyage

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its purpose tests the laboratory prove

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the thousands of electronic parts pumps

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fans and valves as well as the computers

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which service the experiments

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demonstrate new research techniques

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developed specially for Space Lab

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conduct more than 70 investigations in

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nine days it's a joint mission of NASA

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and the European Space Agency each

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agency has sponsored about half the

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payload 11 European countries Canada

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Japan and the US have experiments on

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Space Lab one

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[Music]

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scientific diversity is important on

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mission one it tests the labs ability to

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serve the full range of disciplines

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equally important is the expansion of

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man's scientific knowledge mission one's

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experiments were selected for their

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scientific merit by international peer

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welcome everybody to all from once the

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experiments were selected the

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investigators formed a cooperative body

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called the investigators working group

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or iwg one of the group's tasks was to

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recommend which of the many scientists

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only one from Europe and one from the

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United States would fly the first

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called payload specialists these career

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scientists would learn details of each

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experiment over the next four years dr.

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wolf mayor bold of the max planck

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institute in stuttgart germany and dr.

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byron Lichtenberg of the massachusetts

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institute of technology were chosen as

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flight payload specialists dr. Wu Bo

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locals of the University of Krone engine

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in the Netherlands and dr. Michael

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Lambton of the University of California

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at Berkeley our alternates

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[Music]

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these payload specialists have learned

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the background objectives and procedures

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for each experiment they have become

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personally acquainted with each

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principal investigator they have become

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mission one also has two scientists

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astronauts for NASA

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dr. Owen Garriott and dr. Robert Parker

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they are called mission specialists and

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are responsible for operating the

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systems of the laboratory itself and for

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coordination with shuttle pilots John

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Young and Brewster Shaw they trained as

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much as possible with the payload

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specialists and would spend much of

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their time conducting experiments with

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them what would it be like this

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simulation at the Marshall Space Flight

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Center covers a 24 hour slice of the

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nine-day mission Marshall is responsible

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for managing the early Spacelab mission

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[Applause]

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there is a new word that's important to

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Space Lab the park

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it stands for payload operations control

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center it does for the payload what

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Mission Control does for the shuttle

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mission control and the POC are in the

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same building at the Johnson Space

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Center in Houston Mission Control

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handles the flying payload control

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manages all scientific activities inside

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the Space Lab you hear a lot about

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timelines around the park these detailed

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charts show graphically everything

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scheduled for each segment of the

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mission which experiments are running

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but each crew member is doing where the

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orbiters pointing and a host of other

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details down to the second the flight of

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space lab one may be the most intense

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problem number 9 - behind the control

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consoles in the payload Control Center

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are several rooms where investigators

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set up the equipment necessary to

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monitor their experiments much of the

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time Space Lab is in satellite contact

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with earth through the direct voice TV

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and data links investigators can analyze

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their results and if necessary extend

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their hands and minds 135 nautical miles

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right up to the laboratory bench all

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this activity was Endora strated

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overnight the mission manager has been

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responsible for planning and directing

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the space lab one mission the mission

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manager and his team's prime goal is to

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ensure the space lab payload satisfies

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the research needs of the user

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scientists that it uses the shuttle and

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Space Lab effectively and that it

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as the simulations draw to a close the

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[Music]

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clarity of observation lets us see the

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world in order to explain it from orbit

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we can see the universe without a veil

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of clouds we can analyze phenomena

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without the bias of gravity we can

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sample the complex forces and particles

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others thought to be empty space as we

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move into orbit our vision clears now we

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can go back again and again learning

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from each flight experience accumulating

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new knowledge we have a new generation

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of orbiting laboratories we have Space